U.S. national debt exceeds 40 trillion for first time as borrowing costs surge

The U.S. national debt surpassed $40 trillion for the first time on Tuesday, according to data released Wednesday by the U.S. Treasury Department. The total public debt outstanding reached $40.05 trillion, exceeding earlier forecasts, including a Congressional Budget Office projection of $39.4 trillion by the end of fiscal year 2026 .
The debt has more than doubled in under a decade, rising from $19.95 trillion in January 2017, when Donald Trump began his first term as president. It increased by $11.6 trillion across Trump’s two terms and by $8.4 trillion under Joe Biden, according to Treasury figures .
The surge in borrowing comes as long-term obligations for Social Security and healthcare grow, while interest payments climb. The federal government has operated at a deficit, borrowing to cover obligations such as war spending and tax cuts. Yields on long-term Treasury bonds rose Tuesday to their highest level since 2007, reflecting pressure from inflation, the war in Iran, and concerns over U.S. deficit spending .
The Treasury Department moved to steady the bond market early Wednesday, sending yields lower. The U.S. has faced rising borrowing costs as interest rates increase, forcing the government to refinance debt at higher rates. Jessica Riedl, a budget and tax fellow at the Brookings Institution, noted that deficits have reached roughly $2 trillion annually, even during periods of economic stability .
Michael Peterson, CEO of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation, warned that at the current pace, the debt could reach $50 trillion within six years. He highlighted that the debt had doubled from $20 trillion in less than a decade .
The debt milestone was reached five months after surpassing $39 trillion. Margaret Spellings, head of the Bipartisan Policy Center, told NPR that even under favorable scenarios, the U.S. is "rushing toward a cliff without turning the wheel" .
The Congressional Budget Office had previously projected the $40 trillion threshold would not be crossed until fiscal year 2028. The acceleration in borrowing has been driven by persistent deficits, rising interest rates, and increased spending on social programs as the U.S. population ages .
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