Munich researchers urge EU to replace tailpipe CO₂ rules with lifecycle emissions standard

MUNICH — Researchers at the Technical University of Munich published a study on Tuesday criticizing the European Union’s climate regulations for the automotive sector, arguing that current CO₂ standards only measure tailpipe emissions and ignore the full lifecycle of vehicles.
The study, authored by professors Johannes Fottner, Magnus Fröhling and Tim Büthe, found that battery-electric vehicles reduce CO₂ emissions by an average of 41 percent compared to internal combustion engine cars when accounting for production, use and recycling. The researchers called for a mandatory, verified lifecycle reporting standard to replace the EU’s current approach, which they described as a “central error” in climate policy.
TUM President Thomas Hofmann urged EU policymakers to adopt the proposed standard during the ongoing revision of automotive climate regulations. “Klimaschutz und Innovationsfähigkeit,” Hofmann said, emphasizing that the focus should extend beyond tailpipe emissions to include the entire value chain. Büthe, from TUM’s Chair of International Politics, dismissed concerns about excessive bureaucracy, noting that industry and suppliers already use lifecycle assessments and only need a common standard.
The study, a meta-analysis of 19 existing studies and 47 scenarios, concluded that lifecycle emissions of battery-electric vehicles are on average 41 percent lower than those of combustion engine cars. The authors argued that the EU’s current framework fails to account for emissions reductions achieved through decarbonized steel, battery production or recycling, which do not improve a vehicle’s regulatory CO₂ rating under present rules.
Bavarian Premier Markus Söder seized on the findings, telling *Bild* that the study proved the need to abandon the EU’s planned 2035 phase-out of new combustion engine cars. However, the TUM researchers and Hofmann declined to endorse Söder’s position, stating that such decisions were political, not scientific. Fottner, from TUM’s Chair of Materials Handling, Material Flow and Logistics, confirmed that battery-electric vehicles still outperformed combustion engines on CO₂ but stressed that the study’s focus was on regulatory methodology, not technology bans.
The study was released as a white paper, a format the authors acknowledged is not peer-reviewed like a scientific journal article. Critics, including Moritz Mottschall of the Berlin-based Öko-Institut, agreed that lifecycle assessments are useful but questioned whether the TUM analysis justified its strong conclusions. The EU’s current automotive package, which originally aimed for a 2035 combustion engine ban, is under review, with negotiations expected to conclude this autumn.
Hofmann commissioned the study to influence the upcoming EU revision, framing it as a call for “technologieoffenheit” to avoid limiting industry innovation. The researchers did not collect new data but synthesized existing literature to support their argument for a lifecycle-based standard.
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