Scientists Uncover Three Ancient Species, From Miocene Carnivores to Triassic Marine Reptiles
An international team of paleontologists has described a new species of ancient carnivore from Spain, while separate discoveries in Slovenia and Mexico have shed light on long-extinct marine reptiles and salamanders, respectively. The findings, published today, expand the fossil record and offer fresh insights into the evolution of long-lost ecosystems.
In Catalonia, researchers identified *Paludocyon moyasolai*, a previously unknown species of amphicyonid—a group of extinct carnivores that blended dog-like and bear-like traits. The skull, unearthed in the 1990s at Els Casots in Subirats (Alt Penedès), was initially misclassified as a known species before a 2014 review revealed its distinct features. "What they had in front of them seemed smaller and probably less muscular," noted the team at the Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, which spent two years confirming the find. The new species, named in honor of paleontologist Salvador Moyà-Solà, weighed between 50 and 70 kilograms—far lighter than its presumed relatives—and possessed unusually broad molars, suggesting a specialized diet. The study, published in the *Journal of Mammalian Evolution*, involved institutions across Spain, Ecuador, and South Africa .
Meanwhile, in Slovenia’s Upper Idrijca Landscape Park, a fossilized tooth belonging to a *placodont*—a Triassic marine reptile with flat, shell-crushing teeth—was discovered by park collaborator Gregor Koželj. The 235-million-year-old specimen, confirmed by the Ivan Rakovec Institute of Paleontology, is a rare find from the early Triassic period, a time when such reptiles were widespread across the ancient Tethys Ocean. "It was black, not like a shell or ammonite," Koželj recalled. "It reminded me of a plant, maybe a water lily." The tooth’s chemical composition, analyzed using EDS technology, confirmed its identity, adding to the sparse fossil record of placodonts from this era. "Every such discovery is crucial for understanding their evolution and geographic spread," said paleontologist Irena Debeljak .
In Mexico, researchers at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) described *Ambystoma quetzalcoatli*, the first fossil salamander species formally identified in the country and the oldest known record of the genus *Ambystoma*. The fossils, collected in the early 2000s from a 85-square-kilometer freshwater lake system in Hidalgo, were re-examined using CT scanning and anatomical comparisons. The team, led by Jorge Herrera Flores and María Patricia Velasco de León, identified distinctive features such as an elongated skull opening and 17 trunk vertebrae, setting the species apart from modern axolotls. "The fossils display significant anatomical differences," the researchers noted in *Palaeontologia Electronica*. The discovery provides a key piece in understanding Mexico’s modern biodiversity .
These discoveries arrive amid a surge in paleontological research, fueled by advances in imaging and genetic analysis. In Minnesota, scientists at the University of Minnesota created synthetic cells capable of self-replication, a milestone in synthetic biology that could one day enable the production of chemicals and medicines currently impossible in natural cells. "What we cannot build ourselves, we cannot fully understand," said lead researcher Kate Adamala .
From the depths of ancient oceans to the laboratories of the future, these findings underscore the enduring mysteries of Earth’s past—and the tools being developed to unravel them.
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