Scientists create first self-replicating artificial cells in breakthrough hailed as dawn of a new biological era
Researchers at the University of Minnesota have constructed the first laboratory-made cells that can grow and divide, fulfilling core criteria for life and opening a path to programmable biomanufacturing. The SpudCell systems, built from previously inert chemical compounds, complete a full cell cycle and mark the first time scientists have assembled a synthetic organism capable of Darwinian evolution.
“What we cannot build, we cannot understand,” said Kate Adamala, associate professor at the College of Biological Sciences and lead author, in remarks to *WELT*. “To unlock the full potential of biotechnology, we must be able to reconstruct the scaffold of life from scratch.” While natural cells already provide the chemical diversity used by the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industries, Adamala argues that synthetic cells could eventually produce compounds that are toxic to or incompatible with natural biology. “Many products essential to our civilization cannot be made inside living cells because they are too fragile or too reactive,” she said.
The Minnesota team’s work follows decades of attempts to coax non-living matter into living systems. Unlike earlier protocells that could only perform a single function, SpudCell traverses the entire cell cycle—growing, copying its internal components, and splitting into daughter cells—demonstrating the minimal behaviors required for life as defined by biologists. The advance arrives just as Anthropic, the AI company, launched *Claude Science*, a dedicated research workbench for scientists, underscoring the accelerating convergence of AI and wet-lab biology.
In a separate discovery that rewrites the evolutionary map of Mexico, palaeontologists in Hidalgo have identified *Ambystoma quetzalcoatli*, the first fossil salamander species formally described from Mexico and the oldest confirmed record of the genus *Ambystoma* in the country. The 12 specimens, unearthed in the early 2000s from an 85-square-kilometre lake system near Atotonilco el Grande, show distinctive cranial and vertebral traits absent in living axolotls, including an elongated skull opening, a differently structured palate, and 17 trunk vertebrae. “These fossils provide a crucial missing link in the origin and diversification of Mexican fauna,” said Jorge Herrera Flores and María Patricia Velasco de León, co-authors of the study published in *Palaeontologia Electronica*.
Meanwhile, a 235-million-year-old tooth discovered in Slovenia’s Upper Idrijca Landscape Park has been identified as belonging to a plakodont, a marine reptile with flat, shell-crushing teeth that once patrolled the shallow Tethys Ocean. The fossil, found by park ranger Gregor Koželj, is one of relatively few plakodont remains from the Carnian stage of the Early Triassic. “Every such find is vital for reconstructing their geographic spread, which reached as far as China,” said Irena Debeljak, a palaeontologist at the Ivan Rakovec Institute. Further analysis may assign the tooth to the genus *Cyamodus* and shed light on the evolution of enamel toughened for crushing mollusc shells.
Across the Atlantic, Spanish researchers have uncovered the first natural programmable metamaterial in a living organism: the compound eye of the vinegar fly *Drosophila melanogaster*. A team led by the University of Seville and University College London found that during development the fly’s eye cells assemble into a precisely patterned 2D lattice of interconnected triangles. When internal pressure is applied, the lattice inflates into the eye’s final 3D curvature, a process the authors liken to inflating a water balloon with a predetermined shape. “We have discovered an architectural blueprint in 2D that predetermines the 3D form,” said Juan Garrido García, lead author in *Nature Communications*. The finding suggests future bioengineers could design implantable tissues that adopt specific shapes without rigid external moulds, potentially revolutionising regenerative medicine.
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