Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Pakistan signed a mutual defense pact in Mecca on Aug. 7, modeled explicitly on NATO’s Article 5, stipulating that an armed attack on any of the three states would be considered an attack on all. The agreement was signed by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif .

Pakistani Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar said Sunday the Mecca Joint Defense Agreement was “purely defensive in nature” and open to other regional countries willing to uphold its principles and resolve differences peacefully. He added the pact aligns with the right of individual and collective self-defense under Article 51 of the U.N. Charter and does not replace existing bilateral or multilateral agreements . Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan similarly stated the agreement was not aimed at Iran or any other country .

The pact’s first test came within 48 hours when a Houthi strike targeted Saudi energy infrastructure, but neither Ankara nor Islamabad responded militarily . Fidan said Egypt could join in a future phase, alongside other unspecified countries Erdoğan envisions as part of a wider regional security framework .

The three countries bring distinct capabilities: Pakistan is the Muslim world’s only nuclear-armed state, Saudi Arabia offers substantial financial resources and regional influence, and NATO member Turkey fields a large military and a growing domestic defense industry . Turkey’s armed forces include 355,000 personnel, 2,300 tanks, 1,700 large-caliber artillery systems, 13 submarines, 17 frigates, 9 corvettes, and the drone carrier Anadolu. Its air force operates approximately 260 F-16 fighters . Saudi Arabia’s military includes 257,000 personnel, 1,000 tanks (600 M1A2S Abrams), 12 frigates, 4 corvettes, and an air force with 150 F-15S, 71 Eurofighter Typhoons, 70 F-15C/Ds, and 80 Tornados .

Iranian lawmakers dismissed the agreement. MP Mahmoud Nabavian said Saudi rulers “must know that just as America's bases could not bring them security, clinging to America's lackeys will not bring them security either,” while MP Ebrahim Razaei called it a “paper agreement” . Analysts in Israel viewed the pact as a symptom of declining U.S. influence rather than an operational military threat .

Landmarks in Islamabad and Saudi cities were illuminated in the colors of the three nations’ flags following the signing .

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